Racial Violence in the United States, 1863 to Present

• Home
• Project Intro
• Articles
• Links
• Contact Us
• The Reconstruction Era
• Intro
• Table I
• Table II
• Table III
• Charts/Data
• The Lynching Era
• Intro
• Table I
• Charts/Data
• The Civil Rights Era
• Intro
• Table I
• Table II
• Table III
• Charts/Data
• The Modern Era
• Intro
• Table I
• Charts/Data
• Mass Racial Violence
• Intro
• Table I
• Charts/Data

Journal Articles

• "A Rage Shared by Law: Post-September 11 RacialViolence as Crimes of Passion"

Muneer I. Ahmad. California Law Review, Volume 92, Issue 5 (October 2004), 1259-1330.

• "Robert F. Williams and the Indigenous Civil Rights Movement in Monroe, North Carolina, 1961"

Marcellus C. Barksdale. Journal of Negro History, Volume 69, Issue 2 (Spring, 1984), 73-89.

• "The Lynching of Persons of Mexican Origin and Descent in the United States, 1848 to 1928"

William D. Carrigan and Clive Webb. Journal of Social History, Volume 37, Number 2 (Winter, 2003), 411-438.

• "Negro Involuntary Servitude in the South, 1865-1940: A Preliminary Analysis"

William Cohen. The Journal of Southern History, Volume 42, Issue 1 (February 1976), 31-60.

• "The Law of the Noose: A History of Latino Lynching"

Richard Delgado. Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, Volume 44, Issue 2 (June 2009), 297-312.

• "The Culture of Violence in the American West: Myth versus Reality"

Thomas J. DiLorenzo. The Independent Review, Volume 15, Number 2 (Fall 2010), 227-239.

• "Rosewood, Florida: The Destruction of an African-American Community"

R. Thomas Dye. The Historian, Spring 1996, Volume 58, Number 3, 605-622.

• "Women and the Death Penalty: Racial Disparities and Differences"

Harry and Shiela P. Greenlee. William & Mary Journal of Women and the Law, Volume 14, Issue 2 (2008), 319-335.

• "Changing Patterns of Racial Violence in the United States"

Allen D. Grimshaw. Notre Dame Law Review, Volume 40, Issue 5 (July 1965), 534-548.

• "Lynching--Crime"

Jessie P. Guzman and W. Hardin Hughes. National Humanities Center, 2007: nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/.

• "The Whipping of Richard Moore: Reading Emotion in Reconstruction America"

Edward John Harcourt. Journal of Social History, Volume 36, Number 2 (Winter, 2002), 261-282.

• "Etiquette, Lynching, and Racial Boundaries in Southern History: A Mississippi Example"

J. William Harris. The American Historical Review, Volume 100, Issue 2 (April 1995), 387-410.

• "Whitecapping: Agrarian Violence in Mississippi, 1902-1906"

William F. Holmes. The Journal of Southern History, Volume 35, Issue 2 (May 1969), 165-185.

• "Racial Disparity and the Death Penalty"

John C. McAdams. Law and Contemporary Problems, Volume 61, Number 4 (1998), 153-170.

John Shelton Reed. Political Science Quarterly, Volume 86, Issue 3 (September 1971), 429-443.

• "The Legacy of Racial Slavery: Free Enterprise and Forced Labor in Florida in the 1940s"

Jerrell H. Shofner. The Journal of Southern History, Volume 47, Issue 3 (August 1981), 411-426.

• "Vicarious Violence: Spatial Effects on Southern Lynchings, 1890-1919"

Stewart E. Tolnay, Glenn Deane, and E.M. Beck. American Journal of Sociology, Volume 102, Issue 3 (November 1996), 788-815.

Unpublished Papers

• "An Unrighteous Piece of Business: A New Institutional Analysis of the Memphis Riot of 1866"

Art Carden and Christopher J. Coyne. ca 2010.

• "No Painted Apache..."

David Carter.

• "The 1868 St. Landry Massacre: Reconstruction's Deadliest Episode of Violence"

Matthew Christensen. 2012.

• "Converging to a National Lynching Database: Recent Developments"

Lisa D. Cook. 2011.

• "The Color of Lynching"

Lisa D. Cook. 2011.

• "The 1873 Battle of Colfax: Paramilitarism and Counterrevolution in Louisiana"

James K. Hogue. 2006.

• "Guilty Until Proven Innocent"

Paul McDowell. 2009.

• "Racial disparities in Capital Punishment: Blind Justice Requires a Blindfold"

Scott Phillips. 2008.

• "Creating a New Database for the Study of Southern Lynchings: Public Use Microdata, The Historical United States County Boundary Files 1790-1999 and Forensic Demography"

Stewart E. Tolnay and Amy Kate Bailey. 2006.

• "Race and the Death Penalty in North Carolina: An Empirical Analysis, 1993-1997"

Dr. Isaac Unah and John Charles Boger. 2001.

Government Publications

• American Indians and Crime, 1992-2002.

Bureau of Justice Statistics. ca 2003.

• Race of Prisoners admitted to State and Federal Institutions, 1926-1986.

Department of Justice. 1991.

• The Attorney General's First Annual Report to Congress Pursuant to the Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act of 2007

Department of Justice. 2009.

• The Attorney General's Second Annual Report to Congress Pursuant to the Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act of 2007

Department of Justice. 2010.

• The Attorney General's Third Annual Report to Congress Pursuant to the Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act of 2007

Department of Justice. 2011.

• The Attorney General's Fourth Annual Report to Congress Pursuant to the Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act of 2007

Department of Justice. 2012.

• Death Penalty Sentencing

Government Accounting Office. 1990.

• Tulsa Race Riot

Oklahoma Commission to Study the Race Riot of 1921. 2001.

• Justice: Book 5 of the 1961 Commission on Civil Rights Report

United States Commission on Civil Rights. 1961.

Other Organizations and Sources

• "The Persistent Problem of Racial Disparities in the Federal Death Penalty"

ACLU. ca 2008.

• "United States of America: Death by Discrimination - the Continuing Role of Race in Capital Cases"

Amnesty International. 2003.

• "Racial Disparities in the American Criminal Justice System"

Citizens' Commission on Civil Rights. 2000.

• "The East St. Louis Race Riot of 1917"

W.E.B. DuBois. Excerpt from "Of Work and Wealth" in Darkwater: Voices from within the Veil, 1920.

• "Executions in the U.S. 1608-2002: The ESPY File, Executions by State"

M. Watt Espy and John Ortiz Smykla. 2004.

• "Racial Disparity in Sentencing: A Review of the Literature"

The Sentencing Project. 2005.

• "Trends in U.S. Corrections"

The Sentencing Project. 2014.

• "Ku Klux Klan: A History of Racism and Violence"

Southern Poverty Law Center. Klanwatch Project. 2011.

• "Created Equal: Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Criminal Justice System"

National Council on Crime and Delinquency. 2009.